Aspectos toxicológicos dos antipsicóticos utilizados em crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA)

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The prevalence of ASD has increased over recent decades, making it a significant public health concern. Although behavioral and educational interventions are considered the standard approach for managing ASD symptoms, the use of psychotropic medications is common for the treatment of psychiatric comorbidities and associated behavioral symptoms, such as severe irritability, aggression, hyperactivity, selfinjurious behaviors, and sleep disturbances. This Undergraduate Thesis aims to analyze the toxicological aspects and potential adverse effects associated with the use of psychotropic drugs in children and adolescents with ASD. Particular emphasis is placed on atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone and aripiprazole, which are the medications most commonly prescribed for the treatment of irritability associated with autism in pediatric populations. A comprehensive review of the analyzed studies demonstrates that, despite the clinical effectiveness of these medications in reducing behavioral symptoms, they present significant toxicological risks that require careful monitoring. The most concerning adverse effects include metabolic syndrome (weight gain, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance), hyperprolactinemia, extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, and potential impacts on neuroendocrine development. The discussion highlights the importance of risk-benefit assessment, the challenges of polypharmacy, and the need for monitoring and risk mitigation strategies. It is concluded that individualized therapy and the integration of pharmacological approaches are essential to optimize treatment outcomes and minimize long-term health risks in children with ASD.