Organizações Internacionais : análise teórica acerca dos seus papeis no sistema internacional

Abstract

The two chapters of this study analyze theoretically the role and technical aspects of International Organizations (IOs) in the international system. Chapter 1 examines different theoretical approaches to IOs. Classical realism, represented by Hans Morgenthau, argues that IOs reflect the distribution of power among states and serve only the interests of major powers. Structural realism (neorealism), developed by Kenneth Waltz, reinforces this view by stating that the anarchic nature of the international system limits IOs' ability to influence global politics. Offensive realism, by John Mearsheimer, asserts that IOs lack autonomous power and merely serve as arenas where states compete to maximize their power. In contrast, neoliberal institutionalism, advocated by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, argues that IOs facilitate cooperation by reducing uncertainties and transaction costs, thus promoting predictability in international relations. The chapter highlights that while realism sees IOs as tools of states, neoliberalism emphasizes their role in global governance. Chapter 2 focuses on the technical aspects of IOs, particularly delegation of authority and pooling of sovereignty. Delegation occurs when states assign competencies to an IO while retaining some control over its actions. This is common in institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Pooling of sovereignty, on the other hand, involves a higher level of integration, where decisions are made collectively, as seen in the European Union (EU). The chapter also discusses the legal personality of IOs, emphasizing that while they have autonomy to sign treaties and establish commitments, their actions still depend on state willingness. Additionally, it examines the role of IO staff, who are expected to act neutrally but often face challenges such as political pressures and budget constraints. The study concludes that IOs are neither fully autonomous nor irrelevant, as their effectiveness depends on state commitment and acceptance. While realism highlights their structural limitations, neoliberal institutionalism views them as tools for enhancing global cooperation.