Análise epidemiológica da hipospádia em nascidos vivos do sexo masculino no Brasil de 2014 a 2023: um estudo ecológico

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Hypospadias is the most common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia after cryptorchidism, characterized by incomplete development of the urethra, with the urethral meatus located on the ventral surface of the penis. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hypospadias in live-born males in Brazil from 2014 to 2023, to characterize its subtypes, and to describe prenatal, neonatal, and maternal variables. METHODS: This is an observational, descriptive, and retrospective study based on secondary data obtained from the Integrated Health Surveillance Platform (IVIS), registered in the Brazilian Ministry of Health. RESULTS: Between 2014 and 2023, 9,467 cases were identified among 14,376,675 live-born males, corresponding to an average prevalence of 65.8 cases per 100,000 births. The analysis revealed a discrepancy between national data and international literature, which reports prevalence rates between 200 and 800 per 100,000 live births, possibly due to underreporting and/or diagnostic failures. CONCLUSION: Early recognition of hypospadias is essential for appropriate referral and improved prognosis. Enhancing data recording and healthcare professional training for neonatal diagnosis is crucial.